Technologies, which enable demand response, will allow all types of users participating in the optimization of the system and thereby delivering reliable, affordable and low-carbon energy supply. Such technologies and services are for example:

• time-of-use pricing (static, dynamic and peak)
• demand response agreements
• load limiters
• energy efficiency measures
• contracts on limitation of electricity supply (including disconnections of loads or entire delivery point)

New energy services are carried out mainly by pooling resources (aggregation of consumers and producers), and will in the future encourage system operators to use these services, which are provided by different market participants:

• suppliers
• independent aggregators
• energy services companies (ESCO)

Market participants use demand response programmes on basis of market principles of demand and supply, but in some cases the organizational and legal framework must be establish. Different programmes need different functional and technical conditions for implementation and operation. In carrying out simple programmes such as information on consumption, the required measurement interval can be a month, and the implementation does not require the installation of specific ICT or special meters. But in case of demand response within more complex processes, such as the need for tertiary reserves, it may be necessary to install special equipment and provide short measurement interval for two-way communication and a sufficiently fast data transfer.